Matthew Wilson 5 hours ago Featured Tech News, Memory
HyperX has been making headlines recently, having broken the world record for DDR4 memory overclocking twice in the span of one month. Now, HyperX is releasing its fastest memory modules to date, with speeds of up to 5300MHz.
This week, HyperX has launched its first DDR4-5333 memory modules, breaking the 5GHz barrier with CL13 to CL20 timings depending on capacity.
Speaking of capacity, HyperX Predator 5333MHz memory modules will be available in kits of from 16GB (2x8GB modules) all the way up to 256GB (8x32GB modules).
These memory kits are Intel XMP certified, but will also work with AMD Ryzen systems. Each memory stick is factory tested and backed by a lifetime warranty. Considering the speeds on offer here, prices are equally high, with kits starting at $870 and reaching as high as $1,245 for a full 256GB kit.
KitGuru Says: With DDR5 on the way in the next year, it seems like an odd time to upgrade to 5GHz memory. Still, the fact that this is available to consumers, rather than being limited to specific professional systems, is impressive.
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Sony may finally be making a black DualSense controller
When the PS5 was first revealed, one of the most controversial aspects to the console …
SilverStone Milo 10 is a tiny PC case that supports a Mini-ITX motherboard – and when we say ‘tiny’ what we really mean is ‘less than four litres in capacity.’ You won’t be shocked to learn that Milo 10 does not support a graphics card and requires the use of an external power brick, but despite that you have a number of options and it is surprisingly versatile.
Watch the video via our VIMEO Channel (Below) or over on YouTube at 2160p HERE
Main features
Super small at only 2.7 litres or 3.6 litres depending on configuration
Includes interchangeable top covers for altering case size to accommodate various components
Includes VESA mounting plate for integration with monitors
Supports standard sized Mini-ITX motherboard
Supports slim optical drive with interchangeable bezel
Specification:
Motherboard support: Mini-ITX.
CPU cooler support: Between 29mm and 63mm depending on configuration of storage and top cover.
Expansion slots: None.
Included fans: None
Fan mounts: 1x 120mm/140mm in top cover.
Radiator mounts: None.
Optical drive bay: Slimline laptop ODD.
Internal drive bays: 1x 3.5-inch/2x 2.5-inch.
Front I/O: 2x USB 3.0 ports
Dimensions: 453mm H x 227mm D x 196mm W x 63mm H with standard top cover or 84mm H with Elevated cover.
We faced a dilemma during our build as we have a reasonable selection of Mini-ITX motherboards and a huge pile of CPUs, but finding an APU that is sub-65W nearly defeated us. In essence you can take AMD off the table and are forced to turn to Intel.
When you are working with relatively small items such as the SilverStone Milo 10 the regular form is use a banana for scale, however Leo was determined to get his hands in the picture to better illustrate the tiny size of this case.
This is probably the first (and last) time we will skip thermal testing during a case review as your choice of APU and cooler will make a huge difference to the results, along with the types of workload you perform. If you install an Intel Core i3-10300 and merely update spreadsheets or watch videos on YouTube, you will barely stress the CPU. We felt bad running 3D Mark Fire Strike for the video and simply did not have the heart to run Blender.
Closing Thoughts
Building a PC inside the SilverStone Milo 10 can be a fiddly process, although it gets easier with repetition, and you will find the situation improves if you choose your components wisely.
You will have noted our single biggest gripe with the SilverStone Milo 10 is its reliance on an APU with a relatively low power draw as that is a complete change in direction for us folk at KitGuru. The obvious choices for us would be an AMD Ryzen 5 5600G or Ryzen 7 5700G, however they are not on sale to the public and are exclusively in the hands of system integrators.
For that reason we doubt many home enthusiasts will line up to buy the Milo 10 case and its matching SilverStone AD120-DC DC board and external AC adapter combo kit, unless they have amazingly specific requirements that centre around the tiny form factor of this case.
On the other hand we can easily imagine system integrators using the SilverStone Milo 10 to deliver low powered PCs to offices, hotels and shops where space is at a premium.
While we are all in favour of small form factor PCs, they typically weigh in at 10-20 litres in volume and allow you a fair degree of latitude with your choice of hardware. By contrast the sub-4 litre Milo 10 is a more challenging proposition that is best suited to a customer who is simply unable to compromise in their pursuit of a tiny PC.
You can buy the SilverStone Milo 10 for £44.99 HERE.
Discuss on our Facebook page HERE.
Pros:
Pricing for the case is cheap, but you also have to factor in the DC power converter.
Supports a range of storage up to 3.5-inch HDD.
Supports a 120mm/140mm fan in the top cover.
Cons:
Requires an APU to provide graphics.
Limited to 65W TDP.
Requires an ITX motherboard which is limiting and probably expensive too.
KitGuru says: SilverStone Milo 10 requires the careful selection of an APU, motherboard, cooler and storage.
Hardware modder VIK-on got famous for installing additional memory on GeForce RTX 2070 and GeForce RTX 3070 graphics cards. Now, he has seemingly proven that it is possible to install 22GB of memory on a GeForce RTX 2080 Ti GPU board.
VIK-on obtained a faulty Nvidia GeForce RTX 2080 Ti card he needed to repair by resoldering the GPU, fixing broken PCB traces, and installing a new memory chip. Along the way, he has proven that it is possible to install 22GB of memory on Nvidia’s GeForce RTX 2080 Ti.
Installing higher capacity memory chips on a graphics card is a fairly easy task if you have a graphics card, new memory chips (which usually means another card), a professional soldering station, and skills. What is harder is finding an appropriate firmware that supports a particular GPU as well as higher-capacity memory chips.
Nvidia’s TU102 chip definitely supports more than 11GB of memory installed on the company’s GeForce RTX 2080 Ti graphics card as Nvidia also has the TU102-based Quadro RTX 8000 board with 48GB of memory. Therefore, the key challenges for VIK-on were to repair the card and find an appropriate firmware that supported 22GB of memory. The modder used a relatively simple strap mod (that deceives the GPU BIOS into thinking that there is more memory installed). The mod worked and the system booted, but was not very stable.
VIK-on could not procure 16Gb GDDR6 memory chips, so he could not build a 22GB version of Nvidia’s GeForce RTX 2080 Ti. Yet, he proved that it is possible to do so with appropriate chips, hardware, and skills.
Thanks to Anandtech, we have information on two new Supermicro motherboards designed for Intel’s new Ice Lake Xeon Scalable CPUs: the 12DPL-NT6 and X12DPL-i6. The boards feature dual LGA4189 sockets — for a max potential configuration of 80 CPU cores all squished into a standard ATX form factor.
The stand-out feature of the X12DPL-NT6 and X12DPL-i6 is the ATX form factor; Supermicro has demonstrated it can put two gigantic LGA4189 sockets onto an ATX board without sacrificing many features; the two sockets alone take up nearly half of the entire board’s size.
The only feature Supermicro had cut out was the platform’s maximum support of twelve DIMM slots. Due to the size constraints, each CPU can only access up to four DIMM slots (eight total on the board), meaning each chip will be limited to quad-channel memory configurations. This will only be a problem if you’re workloads benefit from significantly high memory bandwidth/capacity.
For connectivity, you get four PCIe 4.0 slots on the bottom, with each slot having the full 16 lanes available. For storage, the boards support twelve SATA slots with RAID 0, 1, 5, and 10 array support, and dual M.2 PCIe Gen 4.0 slots.
The only difference between the X12DPL-NT6 and X12DPL-i6 is the ethernet and M.2 configuration. With the X12DPL-NT6 you get dual Intel X550 10Gb Ethernet ports, and one more M.2 slot capable of PCIe Gen 4.0 x8 support.
The lower end X12DPL-i6 does not include 10Gb Ethernet and instead relies on two Intel i210 Gigabit LAN controllers for network connectivity. It also loses the x8 M.2 slot.
We have no idea of when these boards will be available to purchase, but if you’re in the market for something like this, Supermicro will probably happily return your emails or phone calls.
Memory specialist HyperX has expanded its Predator DDR4 family with fresh offerings up to DDR4-5333. The new memory kits are tailored towards Intel’s and AMD’s latest platforms, but it remains to be seen whether they have what it takes to disrupt the best RAM kits on the market.
The memory kits are available in DDR4-5000, DDR4-5133 and DDR4-5333 flavors. Given the difficulties to bin for these frequencies, the memory kits only come in dual-channel 16GB packages comprised of two 8GB memory modules. Taking into consideration the density, the memory modules adhere to a single-rank design. We suspect that HyperX’s latest memory modules are leveraging Hynix D-die integrated circuits (ICs) to hit these top speeds.
The DDR4-5333 memory is the current flagship part for the Predator DDR4 lineup. With 20-30-30 timings and requiring 1.6V to operate the memory kit retails at an eye-watering $1,245 price tag.
Memory Kit
Data Rate
Primary Timings
Voltage (V)
Capacity
MSRP
HX453C20PB3K2/16
DDR4-5333
20-30-30
1.60
2 x 8GB
$1,245
HX451C20PB3K2/16
DDR4-5133
20-28-28
1.55
2 x 8GB
$995
HX450C19PB3K2/16
DDR4-5000
19-28-28
1.55
2 x 8GB
$870
If you don’t need the fastest memory kit, HyperX also offers the Predator DDR4 in slightly slower DDR4-5133 and DDR4-5000 configurations. The first has its timings set to 20-28-28, while the latter comes with 19-28-28 timings. Regardless of the frequency, both command a 1.55V DRAM voltage. The DDR4-5133 and DDR4-5000 memory kits certainly won’t be easy on the pockets, either. They sell for $995 and $870, respectively.
Predator DDR4 memory kits are XMP-ready so setup should be a breeze, assuming that your processor is up to the task of taming these fast memory kits. Considering the frequency, a fair bit of manual tweaking is probably required. As always, HyperX backs its memory kits with a lifetime warranty.
The Predator DDR4-5333, DDR4-5133 and DDR4-5000 memory kits’ availability will vary from region to region.
Home/Tech News/Featured Tech News/Galax to release RTX 3070 and RTX 3080 FG graphics cards with Nvidia’s anti-mining tech
João Silva 2 hours ago Featured Tech News, Graphics
Galax confirms Nvidia is preparing the launch of RTX 3070 and RTX 3080 graphics cards with LHR chips. For now, these chips are only featured in Galax’s Black General FG and Metal Master FG graphics cards, but other cards equipped with these chips are expected to release soon.
As seen on the product description of the RTX 3070 Black General FG, the RTX 3080 Metal Master FG, RTX 3080 Metal Master OC FG, and the RTX 3080 Black General OC FG, these cards will feature the new Nvidia LHR GPUs, which mean they have a crypto mining limiter.
According to Galax, these cards’ mining performance is cut by half, with the RTX 3070 card mining Ethereum just at 25MH/s, while the RTX 3080 models at 43MH/s. It might be possible to improve mining performance slightly, but these GPUs will likely still be inferior compared to Nvidia’s new CMP HX cards.
As for the remaining specifications of these cards, everything is as expected. The RTX 3070 Black General FG is clocked at 1725MHz and comes with 8GB of GDDR6 memory clocked at 14Gbps. The RTX 3080 Metal Master FG features a boost clock of 1710MHz, while the RTX 3080 Black General OC FG and RTX 3080 Metal Master OC FG are clocked at 1740MHz. The three RTX 3080 cards have 8GB of GDDR6 memory at 19Gbps.
KitGuru says: Although Galax launched similar graphics cards with a new name to differentiate the non-LHR and the LHR chips, we are still unsure if other brands will do the same.
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RX 7900 XT RDNA 3 GPU reportedly brings at least 40 percent more performance
AMD’s flagship RDNA 2 GPUs have been out for a while now, which means it is time to start looking ahead to the next generation. AMD is currently working on its RDNA 3 GPU architecture, and according to early leaks, we can expect at least a 40% performance improvement.
João Silva 3 hours ago Featured Announcement, Featured Tech News, Graphics
Intel’s upcoming Xe DG2 GPUs were recently revealed to be “right around the corner” and now, we have some early information on what to expect, with new reports indicating that the first DG2 GPUs will arrive in Alder Lake-P powered laptops later this year.
As reported by Igor’s LAB, the DG2 line-up will be heading laptops first in the second half of this year. The report also seems to confirm some rumours we’ve previously shared. There will eventually be DG2 GPUs for desktop systems, but specific dates are currently unknown.
Image credit: Igor’s LAB
According to Igor, the DG2 laptop line-up will consist of 5 SKUs with 4-16GB of GDDR6 memory clocked at 16Gbps. The number of EUs range from 128 to 512, and GPU frequency can reach a 1.8GHz clock. The mobile variants of SKU 1, 2, and 3 will reportedly have a 100W TDP.
Here’s a table listing the known specifications of each SKU:
SKU 1
SKU 2
SKU 3
SKU 4
SKU 5
Package
BGA2660
BGA2660
BGA2660
TBC
TBC
Memory speed
16Gbps
16Gbps
16Gbps
16Gbps
16Gbps
Memory bus
256bit
192bit
128bit
64bit
64bit
Memory
16GB GDDR6
12GB GDDR6
8GB GDDR6
4GB GDDR6
4GB GDDR6
Smart Cache
16MB
16MB
8MB
TBC
TBC
Graphics Execution Units (EUs)
512
384
256
196
128
Graphics Frequency (High) Mobile
1.1GHz
600MHz
450MHz
TBC
TBC
Graphics Frequency (Turbo) Mobile
1.8GHz
1.8GHz
1.4GHz
TBC
TBC
TDP Mobile (Chip Only)
100W
100W
100W
TBC
TBC
TDP Desktop
TBC
TBC
TBC
TBC
TBC
The report also included a PCB diagram showing the layout of a DG2 GPU on a laptop board, presumably a BGA2660 socket board, with 4 or 6 memory modules. This information suggests that we’re looking at one of the non-flagship SKUs.
KitGuru says: Intel’s return to discrete graphics has been interesting to follow, but the question still remains, can they compete with Nvidia and AMD?
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RX 7900 XT RDNA 3 GPU reportedly brings at least 40 percent more performance
AMD’s flagship RDNA 2 GPUs have been out for a while now, which means it is time to start looking ahead to the next generation. AMD is currently working on its RDNA 3 GPU architecture, and according to early leaks, we can expect at least a 40% performance improvement.
In an unexpected move, Intel has introduced its workstation-oriented ‘Rocket Lake’ Xeon W-1300 processors to the ARK database. With a core count ranging from six to eight, all Xeon W-1300 processors feature HyperThreading and integrated graphics, making the Xeon W-1300 CPU a suitable foundation for a new entry-level workstation.
The 14nm Intel ‘Rocket Lake’ Xeon W-1300 processors are based on the W480 platform, supporting ECC DDR4-3200 memory, PCIe 4.0 devices (20 lanes), and AVX-512. The integrated GPU is the Xe-based UHD Graphics P750 with 32 EUs.
TDP ranges from 35W on the Xeon W-1390T, to 125W on the Xeon W-1350P/1370P/1390P. Base clocks also vary quite a lot, from 1.50GHz on the lowest TDP SKU, up to 4.00GHz on the W-1350P. As for the maximum turbo frequency, the W-1390P is the highest clocked of the bunch, capable of reaching a 5.30GHz clock. The 8-core parts come with 16MB of cache, while the 6-core ones feature 12MB of cache.
The following table shows the whole ‘Rocket Lake’ Xeon W-1300 line-up and respective specifications:
CPU
Cores/Threads
Base clock
Max turbo frequency
TDP
CPU cache
Price
Xeon W-1390P
8/16
3.50GHz
5.30GHz
125W
16MB
$539
Xeon W-1390
8/16
2.80GHz
5.20GHz
80W
16MB
$494
Xeon W-1390T
8/16
1.50GHz
4.90GHz
35W
16MB
$494
Xeon W-1370P
8/16
3.60GHz
5.20GHz
125W
16MB
$428
Xeon W-1370
8/16
2.90GHz
5.10GHz
80W
16MB
$362
Xeon W-1350P
6/12
4.00GHz
5.10GHz
125W
12MB
$311
Xeon W-1350
6/12
3.30GHz
5.00GHz
80W
12MB
$255
Given that Intel added these CPUs to its database, we expect to see them available soon.
KitGuru says: Are you planning to build a workstation PC soon? Will you consider using a ‘Rocket Lake’ Xeon W-1300 CPU on the build?
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Galax to release RTX 3070 and RTX 3080 FG graphics cards with Nvidia’s anti-mining tech
Galax confirms Nvidia is preparing the launch of RTX 3070 and RTX 3080 graphics cards …
João Silva 3 days ago Featured Tech News, Graphics
In a tweet announcing a job opportunity, an Intel game developer relations engineer has stated that the upcoming series of Intel gaming GPUs is “right around the corner”.
The tweet is from Pete Brubaker, who posted a job listing for another senior game developer relations engineer at Intel. The job description doesn’t tell us much about the DG2 gaming series, but if Intel is looking for employees such as this, it sure is for a reason. As these are the first mid and high-end gaming GPUs the company will release, there’s the chance to create new relations with other companies that previously didn’t make sense.
Come work with us at Intel! DG2 is right around the corner, it’s about to get exciting.https://t.co/qKjzlcsXmK
— Pete Brubaker (@pbrubaker) May 6, 2021
Rumours point to the release of five Intel DG2 SKUs, ranging from 96 to 512EUs and 4GB to 16GB of GDDR6 memory. The flagship GPU, expected to come with 8GB or 16GB of memory, reportedly outperforms the RTX 3070.
We expect to see the DG2 GPUs hitting both the desktop and mobile market, but it’s still unclear if they will release at the same time. Intel has promised that DG2 GPUs would release by year’s end, but it has specified if it meant the desktop or the mobile variant.
Discuss on our Facebook page, HERE.
KitGuru says: Intel DG2 gaming GPUs are on the way and will hopefully bring some new competition to the GPU market. The question is, can Intel improve the GPU stock situation, or will it run into the same problems as AMD and Nvidia?
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RX 7900 XT RDNA 3 GPU reportedly brings at least 40 percent more performance
AMD’s flagship RDNA 2 GPUs have been out for a while now, which means it is time to start looking ahead to the next generation. AMD is currently working on its RDNA 3 GPU architecture, and according to early leaks, we can expect at least a 40% performance improvement.
As the development of DDR5 memory modules advances, the number of manufacturers joining the race increases. For now, we know that SK Hynix, TeamGroup, Adata, and Samsung are already developing their own DDR5 memory solutions, but there’s a new name to join the ever-growing list. The latest addition is Kingston, which expects to ship overclockable DDR5 modules in Q3 2021.
The company has already sent these modules to motherboard partners to start their validation process. The modules sent to the partners had a XMP profile, but the partners will also be allowed to tune the power management integrated circuit (PMIC) beyond the 1.1V that Kingston has set.
DDR5 memory DIMM modules don’t have much use for now, but that will change once Intel releases the Alder Lake-S platform to the public, which is expected to come later this year. By then, the list of manufacturers developing DDR5 memory modules should be considerably bigger.
The DDR5 memory modules are expected to release clocked between 4,800MHz and 8,400MHz. The upper limit should be easily beaten once professional overclockers get their hands on these modules.
Discuss on our Facebook page, HERE.
KitGuru says: Are you waiting for the release of DDR5 memory before upgrading your system? Do you think the performance improvement from DDR4 to DDR5 will be worth the upgrade?
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Galax to release RTX 3070 and RTX 3080 FG graphics cards with Nvidia’s anti-mining tech
Galax confirms Nvidia is preparing the launch of RTX 3070 and RTX 3080 graphics cards …
Dominic Moass 3 days ago CPU, Featured Announcement, Graphics
KitGuru was recently able to sit down with Frank Azor, Chief Architect of Gaming Solutions at AMD. In a wide-ranging discussion, we spoke about the unique position AMD is in as both a CPU and GPU manufacturer and how the company can use that to its advantage, with features like Smart Access Memory and SmartShift. We also get the latest update on the company’s highly anticipated FidelityFX Super Resolution feature.
Watch via our Vimeo channel (below) or over on YouTube at 2160p HERE
Timestamps
00:00 Start
00:37 What is Frank’s official title and what has he been responsible for at AMD?
02:38 How has Frank’s time at Alienware informed what he does at AMD?
06:20 Smart Access Memory – is it just resizable BAR, or is there more to the story?
10:28 Why can Smart Access Memory result in negative scaling?
13:40 Was Assassin’s Creed Valhalla developed with SAM in mind?
17:34 Why haven’t we seen a unified CPU+GPU strategy from AMD before?
20:21 SmartShift – what is it and how does it work?
25:21 Why haven’t we seen more SmartShift-enabled machines?
28:00 is Ryzen 5000 a turning point for AMD mobile CPUs?
30:28 What’s the latest with AMD Radeon software?
36:56 FidelityFX Super Resolution – latest update
38:46 Wrapping up
Discuss on our Facebook page HERE.
KitGuru says: Thanks to Frank for taking the time to answer our questions – and here’s hoping we will see FidelityFX Super Resolution in action soon!
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RX 7900 XT RDNA 3 GPU reportedly brings at least 40 percent more performance
AMD’s flagship RDNA 2 GPUs have been out for a while now, which means it is time to start looking ahead to the next generation. AMD is currently working on its RDNA 3 GPU architecture, and according to early leaks, we can expect at least a 40% performance improvement.
Intel Alder Lake-S is leaking again. This time around, we have new details on an engineering sample for an Intel Core-1800 CPU, a 16C/24T processor. A datasheet has also found its way online, detailing all remaining specifications, including maximum operating clocks, power limits, T-Junction, and more.
The datasheet, which was shared by Igor’s LAB, shows that this particular engineering sample is a B0 stepping, meaning specifications are likely not final. Following the same logic, the Core-1800 codename likely won’t be the final name for this processor.
According to the datasheet, the Core-1800 features 8 big ‘Golden Cove’ cores with Hyper Threading and 8x Atom ‘Gracemont’ cores with no Hyper Threading. The base clock for all cores is set at a rather low 1.8GHz, but boost clocks can reach up to 4.6GHz on two big cores, 4.4GHz on up to four, 4.2GHz on up to six, and 4.0GHz on all. As for the Atom cores, four of them can go up to 3.4GHz, but eight can only go as high as 3.0GHz.
The CPU power values listed in the specifications suggest the processor will feature a 125W TDP/PL1, with a 56sec tau, and a PL2 of 228W with a 2.44ms tau. The processors’ maximum junction temperature is reportedly 100ºC. The processor was running at 1.3147V.
Intel Alder Lake processors will be based on the LGA 1700 socket, and support PCIe 5.0, and DDR5-4800 and DDR4-3200 memory, depending on the motherboard. Rumours claim only the Z690 motherboards will support DDR5 memory, leaving the mainstream and entry-level ‘H’ and ‘B’ motherboards with support for DDR4.
Discuss on our Facebook page, HERE.
KitGuru says: Considering the Intel Core-1800 is just an ES2, there’s still room for improvement. Base and boost clocks should increase slightly in latter revisions, possibly hitting 5.0GHz while boosting.
The new Chia cryptocurrency has already started making waves in the storage industry, as we’ve reported back in April. With Chia trading now live, it looks set to become even more interesting in the coming months. The total netspace for Chia has already eclipsed 2 exabytes, and it’s well on its way to double- and probably even triple-digit EiB levels if current trends continue. If you’re looking to join the latest crypto-bandwagon, here’s how to get started farming Chia coin.
First, if you’ve dabbled in other cryptocurrencies before, Chia is a very different beast. Some of the fundamental blockchain concepts aren’t radically different from what’s going before, but Chia coin ditches the Proof of Work algorithm for securing the blockchain and instead implements Proof of Space — technically Proof of Time and Space, but the latter appears to be the more pertinent factor. Rather than mining coins by dedicating large amounts of processing power to the task, Chia simply requires storage plots — but these plots need to be filled with the correct data.
The analogies with real-world farming are intentional. First you need to clear a field (i.e., delete any files on your storage devices that are taking up space), then you plough and seed the field (compute a plot for Chia), and then… well, you wait for the crops to grow, which can take quite a long time when those crops are Chia blocks.
Your chances of solving a Chia coin block are basically equal to your portion of the total network space (netspace). Right now, Chia’s netspace sits at roughly 2.7 EiB (Exbibytes — the binary SI unit, so 1 EiB equals 2^60 bytes, or 1,152,921,504,606,846,976 bytes decimal). That means if you dedicate a complete 10TB (10 trillion bytes) of storage to Chia plots, your odds of winning are 0.00035%, or 0.0000035 if we drop the percentage part. Those might sound like terrible odds — they’re not great — but the catch is that there are approximately 4,608 Chia blocks created every day (a rate of 32 blocks per 10 minutes, or 18.75 seconds per block) and any one of them could match your plot.
Simple math can then give you the average time to win, though Chia calculators make estimating this far easier than doing the math yourself. A completely full 10TB HDD can store 91 standard Chia blocks (101.4 GiB). Yeah, don’t get lazy and forget to convert between tebibytes and terabytes, as SI units definitely matters. Anyway, 91 blocks on a single 10TB HDD should win a block every two months or so — once every 68 days.
Each Chia plot ends up being sort of like a massive, complex Bingo card. There’s lots of math behind it, but that analogy should suffice. Each time a block challenge comes up, the Chia network determines a winner based on various rules. If your plot matches and ‘wins’ the block, you get the block reward (currently 2 XCH, Chia’s coin abbreviation). That block reward is set to decrease every three years, for the first 12 years, after which the block reward will be static ad infinitum. The official FAQ lists the reward rate as 64 XCH per 10 minutes, and it will get cut in half every three years until it’s at 4 XCH per 10 minutes with a block reward of 0.125 XCH.
Of course, luck comes into play. It’s theoretically possible (though highly unlikely) to have just a few plots and win a block solution immediately. It’s also possible to have hundreds of plots and go for a couple of months without a single solution. The law of averages should equalize over time, though. Which means to better your chances, you’ll need more storage storing more Chia plots. Also, just because a plot wins once doesn’t mean it can’t win again, so don’t delete your plots after they win.
This is the standard cryptocurrency arms race that we’ve seen repeated over the past decade with hundreds of popular coins. The big miners — farmers in this case — want more of the total Chia pie, and rush out to buy more hardware and increase their odds of winning. Except, this time it’s not just a matter of buying more SSDs or HDDs. This time farmers need to fill each of those with plots, and based on our testing, that is neither a simple task nor something that can be done quickly.
Hardware Requirements for Chia Coin Farming
(Image credit: Tom’s Hardware)
With Ethereum, once you have the requisite GPUs in hand, perhaps some of the best mining GPUs, all you have to do is get them running in a PC. Chia requires that whole ploughing and plotting business, and that takes time. How much time? Tentatively, about six or seven hours seems typical per plot, with a very fast Optane 905P SSD, though it’s possible to do multiple plots at once with the right hardware. You could plot directly to hard drive storage, but then it might take twice as long, and the number of concurrent plots you can do drops to basically one.
The best solution is to have a fast SSD — probably an enterprise grade U.2 drive with plenty of capacity — and then use that for the plotting and transfer the finished plots to a large HDD. Chia’s app will let you do that, but it can be a bit finicky, and if something goes wrong like exceeding the temp storage space, the plotting will crash and you’ll lose all that work. Don’t over schedule your plotting, in other words.
Each 101.4 GiB plot officially requires up to 350 GiB of temporary storage, though we’ve managed to do a single plot multiple times on a 260 GiB SSD. Average write speed during the plotting process varies, sometimes it reaches over 100MB/s, other times it can drop closer to zero. When it drops, that usually means more computational work and memory are being used. Plotting also requires 4 GiB of RAM, so again, high capacity memory sticks are par for the course.
Ultimately, for fast SSDs, the main limiting will likely be storage capacity. If we use the official 350 GiB temp space requirement, that means a 2TB SSD (1863 TiB) can handle at most five concurrent plots. Our own testing suggests that it can probably do six just fine, maybe even seven, but we’d stick with six to be safe. If you want to do more than that (and you probably will if you’re serious about farming Chia), you’ll need either a higher capacity SSD, or multiple SSDs. Each plot your PC is creating also needs 4GB of memory and two CPU threads, and there appear to be scaling limits.
Based on the requirements, here are two recommended builds — one for faster plotting (more concurrent plots) and one for slower plotting.
Our baseline Chia plotting PC uses a 6-core/12-thread CPU, and we’ve elected to go with Intel’s latest Core i5-11400 simply because it’s affordable, comes with a cooler, and should prove sufficiently fast. AMD’s Ryzen 5 5600X would be a good alternative, were it readily available — right now it tends to cost about twice as much as the i5-11400, plus it also needs a dedicated graphics card, and we all know how difficult it can be to find those right now.
For storage, we’ve selected a Sabrent Rocket 4 Plus 2TB that’s rated for 1400 TBW. That’s enough to create around 800–900 plots, at which point your Chia farm should be doing quite nicely and you’ll be able to afford a replacement SSD. Mass storage comes via a 10TB HDD, because that’s the most economical option — 12TB, 14TB, 16TB, and 18TB drives exist, but they all cost quite a bit more per GB of storage. Plus, you’ll probably want to move your stored plots to a separate machine when a drive is filled, but more on that below.
The other components are basically whatever seems like a reasonably priced option, with an eye toward decent quality. You could probably use a smaller case and motherboard, or a different PSU as well. You’ll also need to add more HDDs — probably a lot more — as you go. This PC should support up to six internal SATA HDDs, though finding space in the case for all the drives might be difficult.
At a rate of 18 plots per day, it would take about 30 days of solid plotting time to fill six 10TB HDDs. Meanwhile, the potential profit from 60TB of Chia plots (546 101.4 GiB plots) is currently… wow. Okay, we don’t really want to get your hopes up, because things are definitely going to change. There will be more netspace, the price could drop, etc. But right now, at this snapshot in time, you’d potentially solve a Chia block every 11 days and earn around $5,900 per month.
What’s better than a PC that can do six plots at a time? Naturally it’s a PC that can do even more concurrent plots! This particular setup has a 10-core CPU, again from Intel because of pricing considerations. We’ve doubled the memory and opted for an enterprise class 3.84TB SSD this time. That’s sufficient for the desired ten concurrent plots, which will require up to nearly all of the 3.57 TiB of capacity. We’ve also added a second 10TB HDD, with the idea being that you do two sets of five plots at the same time, with the resulting plots going out to different HDDs (so that HDD write speed doesn’t cause a massive delay when plotting is finished for each batch).
Most of the remaining components are the same as before, though we swapped to a larger case for those who want to do all the farming and plotting on one PC. You should be able to put at least 10 HDDs into this case (using the external 5.25-inch bays). At a rate of 30 plots per day, it should take around 30 days again to fill ten 10TB drives (which aren’t included in the price, though we did put in two). As before, no promises on the profitability since it’s virtually guaranteed to be a lot lower than this, but theoretically such a setup should solve a Chia block every seven days and earn up to $9,800 per month.
Chia farming rig from https://t.co/IPJadpARFa 96 terabytes running off a RockPi4 Model C pic.twitter.com/F6iKOMIdIyJanuary 15, 2021
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Long-term Efficient Chia Farming
So far we’ve focused on the hardware needed to get plotting, which is the more difficult part of Chia farming. Once you’re finished building your farm, though, you’ll probably want to look at ways to efficiently keep the farm online. While it’s possible to build out PCs with dozens of HDDs using PCIe SATA cards and extra power supplies, it’s likely far easier and more efficient to skip all that and go with Raspberry Pi. That’s actually the recommended long-term farming solution from the Chia creators.
It’s not possible to directly connected dozens of SATA drives to Raspberry Pi, but using USB-to-SATA adapters and USB hubs overcomes that limitation. There’s the added benefit of not overloading the 5V rail on a PSU, since the enclosures should have their own power — or the USB hubs will. And once you’re finished building out a farm, the power costs to keep dozens of hard drives connected and running are relatively trivial — you could probably run 50 HDDs for the same amount of power as a single RTX 3080 mining Ethereum.
How to Create Chia Plots
We’ve mostly glossed over the plot creation process so far. It’s not terribly complicated, but there are some potential pitfalls. One is that the plotting process can’t be stopped and restarted. You don’t want to do this on a laptop that may power off, though theoretically it should be possible to put a system to sleep and wake it back up, and then let it pick up where it left off. But if you overfill the temp storage, Chia will crash and you’ll lose all progress on any plots, and since it can take six or seven hours, that’s a painful loss.
The first step naturally is to install Chia. We’re using Windows, though it’s available on MacOS and can be compiled from source code for various Linux platforms. Once installed, you’ll need to let the blockchain sync up before you can get to work on farming. However, you can still create plots before the blockchain gets fully synced — that takes perhaps 10 hours, in our experience, but it will inevitably start to take longer as more blocks get added.
(Image credit: Tom’s Hardware)
You’ll need to create a new private key to get started — don’t use the above key, as anyone else on the ‘net can just steal any coins you farm. Screenshot and write down your 24 word mnemonic, as that’s the only way you can regain access to your wallet should your PC die. Store this in a safe and secure place!
(Image credit: Tom’s Hardware)
Next, you’ll see the main page. As noted above, it can take quite a while to sync up, and any information displayed on this screen prior to having the full blockchain won’t be current. For example, the above screenshot was taken when the total netspace was only 1.51 EiB (sometime earlier this week). The Wallets and Farm tabs on the left won’t have anything useful right now, so head over to Plots and get started on the plotting process.
(Image credit: Tom’s Hardware)
If you’ve previously generated plots, you could import the folder here, but your key has to match the key used for generating plots. If you were to gain access to someone else’s plot files somehow, without the key they’d do you no good. Again, don’t lose your key — or share it online! Hit the Add a Plot button, though.
(Image credit: Tom’s Hardware)
Here’s where the ‘magic’ happens. We’ve specified six concurrent plots, with a ten minute delay between each plot starting. That should result in roughly a ten minute delay between plots finishing, which should be enough time for the program to move a finished plot to the final directory.
The Temporary Directory will be your big and fast SSD drive. You could try for a smaller delay between plots starting, but six concurrent plots will certainly put a decent load on most SSDs. Note also that Chia says it needs 239 GiB of temporary storage per plot — it’s not clear (to us) if that’s in addition to the 101.4 GiB for the final plot, but the amount of used space definitely fluctuates during the course of plot creation.
Once everything is set, click the Create Plot button at the bottom, and walk away for the next 6–8 hours. If you come back in eight hours, hopefully everything will have finished without incident and you’ll now see active plots on your Chia farm. Queue up another set of six plots (or however many plots your PC can handle concurrently), and done properly you should be able to get around three cycles in per day.
Then you just leave everything online (or migrate full drives to a separate system that uses the same key), and eventually you should manage to solve a block, earn some XCH coin, and then you can hoard that and hope the price goes up, or exchange it for some other cryptocurrency. Happy farming!
Chia Farming: The Bottom Line
(Image credit: Shutterstock)
Just looking at that income potential should tell you one thing: More people are going to do this than what we’re currently seeing. That or price is going to implode. For the cost of an RTX 3080 off of eBay right now, you could break even in just a couple of weeks. Our short take: anyone looking for new hard drives or large SSDs — could be in for a world of hurt as Chia causes a storage shortage.
During its first week of trading, Chia started with a price of around $1,600, climbed up to a peak of around $1,900, and then dropped to a minimum value of around $560. But then it started going up again and reached a relatively stable (which isn’t really stable at all) $1,000 or so on Friday. A couple more exchanges have joined the initial trio, with OKex accounting for around 67% of trades right now.
More importantly than just price is volume of trading. The first day saw only $11 million in trades, but Thursday/Friday has chalked up over 10X as much action. It might be market manipulation, as cryptocurrencies are full of such shenanigans, but anyone that claimed Chia was going to fade away after the first 12 hours of trading clearly missed the boat.
Unlike other cryptocurrencies, Chia will take a lot more effort to bring more plots online, but we’re still seeing an incredibly fast ramp in allocated netspace. It’s currently at 2.7 EiB, which is a 55% increase just in the past four days. We’ll probably see that fast rate of acceleration for at least a few weeks, before things start to calm down and become more linear in nature.
There are still concerns with e-waste and other aspects of any cryptocurrency, but Chia at least does drastically cut back on the power requirements. Maybe that’s only temporary as well, though. 50 HDDs use as much power as a single high-end GPU, but if we end up with 50X as many HDDs farming Chia, we’ll be right back to square one. For the sake of the environment, let’s hope that doesn’t happen.
The Gigabyte Z590 Aorus Pro AX is a full-featured Z590 motherboard that includes robust power delivery, premium audio, four M.2 sockets, and 13 USB ports on the rear IO. This $290 board is a good value, especially for those who would like lots of M.2 and USB ports.
For
+ 13 rear USB ports. including Type-C Gen 2×2
+ Robust 90A, 12-Phase VRM
+ Four M.2 sockets
+ Latest-gen audio solution
Against
– Integrated Wi-Fi lacks 6E capability
Features and Specifications
The Gigabyte Z590 Aorus Pro AX positions itself as a mid-range SKU with a modest (for recent motherboard generations) price of $289.99. For that price, you get the most USB ports — thirteen, including USB 3.2 Gen 2×2 Type-C port — we’ve seen on any motherboard in quite a while. Additionally, the board includes the latest audio codec, extreme overclocking-capable power delivery and four M.2 sockets. This, coupled with a reasonable price tag, yields a great option fory new Intel-based builds.
Gigabyte’s current Z590 product stack consists of 13 models. There are familiar SKUs and a couple of new ones. Starting with the Aorus line, we have the Aorus Xtreme (and potentially a Waterforce version), Aorus Master, Aorus Ultra, and the Aorus Elite. Gigabyte brings back the Vision boards (for creators) and their familiar white shrouds. The Z590 Gaming X and a couple of boards from the budget Ultra Durable (UD) series are also listed. New for Z590 is the Pro AX board, which looks to slot somewhere in the middle. Gigabyte also released the Z590 Aorus Tachyon (review coming soon), an overbuilt motherboard designed for extreme overclocking.
Overall, performance on the Aorus Pro AX was inconsistent in our testing. Some results were below the average, while others were right there or faster than the pack. For example, the 3D/game testing showed above-average results, while some synthetic tests were slower than others. This board is performant out of the box, with settings that go beyond Intel specifications.
The mid-priced Aorus Pro AX brings users premium features, including 90A MOSFETs, Realtek 4000 series audio, a staggering four M.2 sockets and a slew of USB ports. Gigabyte updated the appearance from the last generation as well. So between the modern appearance and updated hardware, there’s a lot to take in. We’ll cover those and other features in more detail Below. But right out of the gate this looks like a strong contender for our best motherboards list. First, let’s take a look at the full specs list from Gigabyte.
Specifications – Gigabyte Z590 Aorus Pro AX
Socket
LGA 1200
Chipset
Z590
Form Factor
ATX
Voltage Regulator
12 Phase (12+1+1+2, 90A MOSFETs)
Video Ports
(1) DisplayPort
USB Ports
(1) USB 3.2 Gen 2×2, Type-C (20 Gbps)
(4) USB 3.2 Gen 2, Type-A (10 Gbps)
(4) USB 3.2 Gen 1, Type-A (5 Gbps)
(4) USB 2.0 (480 Mbps)
Network Jacks
(1) 2.5 GbE
Audio Jacks
(5) Analog + SPDIF
Legacy Ports/Jacks
✗
Other Ports/Jack
✗
PCIe x16
(1) v4.0 x16
(2) v3.0 x4
PCIe x8
✗
PCIe x4
✗
PCIe x1
✗
CrossFire/SLI
AMD Quad-GPU Crossfire and 2-Way AMD Crossfire
DIMM slots
(4) DDR4 5400(OC), 128GB Capacity
M.2 slots
(1) PCIe 4.0 x4 / PCIe (up to 80mm)
(2) PCIe 4.0 x4 / PCIe (up to 110mm)
(1) PCIe 3.0 x4 / PCIe and SATA (up to 110mm)
U.2 Ports
✗
SATA Ports
(6) SATA3 6 Gbps (RAID 0, 1, 5 and 10)
USB Headers
(1) USB v3.2 Gen 2 (Front Panel Type-C)
(1) USB v3.2 Gen 1
(2) USB v2.0
(2) Thunderbolt AIC headers
Fan/Pump Headers
(8) 4-Pin
RGB Headers
(2) aRGB Gen 2 (3-pin)
(2) Aura RGB (4-pin)
Legacy Interfaces
✗
Other Interfaces
FP-Audio, TPM
Diagnostics Panel
4-LED ‘Status LED’ display
Internal Button/Switch
✗
SATA Controllers
✗
Ethernet Controller(s)
(1) Intel I225-V (2.5 GbE)
Wi-Fi / Bluetooth
Intel WiFi AX200 (802.11ax, 160 Hz, BT 5.1)
USB Controllers
Realtek RTS5411E
HD Audio Codec
SupremeFX ALC4080
DDL/DTS Connect
✗ / ✗
Warranty
3 Years
Inside the box along with the motherboard are a slew of accessories. While certainly not the most inclusive we’ve seen, the SATA cables, Wi-Fi Antenna, screws and more, are plenty to get your system build moving along. Here’s everything that Gigabyte includes in the box.
User’s Manual / Installation Guide
Q-connector
Aorus sticker
Graphics card holder
Wi-Fi Antenna
(4) SATA cables
(3) Screw packages for M.2 sockets
(1) RGB extension cable
Image 1 of 3
(Image credit: Gigabyte)
Image 2 of 3
(Image credit: Gigabyte)
Image 3 of 3
(Image credit: Gigabyte)
Once we removed the Pro AX from the box, we noticed a few design changes from the Z490 version. The first,the direction of the lines and brushed-aluminum finish on the M.2 and the chipset heatsinks go the other way. Outside of that, the rear IO cover with its single RGB LED strip, VRM heatsinks, matte-black PCB and reinforced slots are familiar carryovers. The audio shroud illuminates the “Amp Up Audio” branding towards the bottom with RGB LED. Those looking for an RGB light show will have to add their own to the internal headers, but what’s here does give off a nice saturated glow, even if it isn’t a disco.
Overall, this board looks good for the price and should fit in with most build themes. The brushed-aluminum accents give this board a more premium appearance than others around the same price point.
(Image credit: Gigabyte)
Starting in the upper left, we get a closer look at the shroud with the Aorus branding, along with the “Team Up, Fight On” motto. Between this is a plastic diffuser to thin the light out from the RGB LEDs below. If that shroud looks familiar, it’s because it’s a carryover from the Z490 Pro AX. Moving to the right, we see an 8-pin EPS connector (required) with an optional 4-pin next to it. Also located in this area, curiously, is the first of eight 4-pin fan headers.
The VRM heatsink is the same as Z490, using a large metal sink on the top bank and a finned heatsink over the left bank. As you’ll see later on, this solution does a good job cooling the chips below. Just to the right, above the DRAM slots, are two more fan headers (CPU_OPT and CPU_FAN). All fan headers on this board support both 3-pin and 4-pin fans. Each header outputs up to 2A/24W, which should be plenty for piggybacking a couple of fans, as well as supporting most water pumps.
Just below these headers are the four DRAM slots. Gigabyte reinforces the slots with its Ultra Durable Memory Armor, which improves the appearance, but in general isn’t all that useful — on any motherboard. The board supports up to 128 GB of RAM with speeds listed up to DDR4 5400, some of the fastest we’ve seen. As always, your mileage may vary as you’ll need the right CPU and memory kit to reach those speeds.
To the right of the DRAM slots are the first set of 3-pin ARGB and 4-pin RGB headers. A little higher up the board than usual is the 24-pin ATX connector for primary power. Below this is a system fan header, a USB 3.2 Gen 1 header and a USB 3.2 Gen 2×2 Type-C header.
(Image credit: Tom’s Hardware)
The Pro AX uses a 12+1(+1+2) configuration for the Vcore and System Agent. The EPS connector sends power to a Renesas ISL69269 12-channel (X+Y+Z=12) controller. It’s then fed directly (no phase doublers or teaming here!) to 12 Renesas ISL99390 90A Smart Power Stages. This setup yields 1080A available for the CPU. In short, you’ll be limited by the CPU cooling well before the power delivery lets you down here.
(Image credit: Gigabyte)
As we move to the bottom half of the board, we’re greeted by plastic shrouds and heatsinks covering most of the PCB. On the left side is a plastic shroud that covers a majority of the audio bits. On top is the second and final RGB LED location that lights up the Amp Up Audio branding. Hidden below is the latest generation Realtek ALC4080 codec, along with WIMA audio capacitors for the rear outputs (Gigabyte says 120dB SNR for that output). Also visible are several yellow Nichicon audio capacitors and the audio separation line from the rest of the board. Most users will find this audio solution satisfactory.
In the middle of the board resides the four M.2 sockets and three PCIe slots. To prevent shearing and EMI protection (for what it’s worth), Gigabyte reinforced the top PCIe slot. The top slot is wired directly to the CPU and runs at PCIe 4.0 x16. The two other slots are sourced from the chipset and run at PCIe 3.0 x4 speeds. This configuration supports AMD Quad-GPU Crossfire and 2-Way AMD Crossfire. Since no other slots run at x8 speeds, NVIDIA SLI is not possible. I would like to have seen an additional x1 slot for additional peripherals, but the two full-length slots should be enough for most people.
Laced between and above the PCIe slots are all four M.2 sockets. The top three M.2 sockets are connected via the CPU. The top, M2A_CPU, supports up to 80mm PCIe devices at PCIe 4.0 x4 speeds. The following two sockets, M2B_CPU and M2C_CPU, support up to 110mm PCIe modules at PCIe x4 speeds. The bottom M.2 socket, M2P_SB, is attached to the chipset and runs both SATA and PCIe modules (PCIe 3.0 x4). On this board, SATA port 1 gets disabled when a SATA-based M.2 drive is installed. Not too much to worry about there. The worst case is that you can have four M.2 modules and five or six SATA ports available (depending on what type of module is installed in M2P_SB). That’s a lot of storage without much lane sharing.
To the right of the PCIe/M.2 area is the chipset heatsink with the Aorus falcon on top. To the right of it are six horizontally affixed SATA ports. This board supports RAID0, 1, 5 and 10 modes. Last but not least, just below that next to the CMOS battery are the Thunderbolt 4 AIC headers.
Across the board’s bottom are several headers, including fan and USB, a QFlash button and more. The Aorus Pro AX also has a temperature header on the bottom and includes a sensor for it. This is a good value add for users who would like to ramp up/down fan speeds based on internal chassis temperature. Additionally, in the right-hand corner is the Dr.Debug display. This 4-LED area lights up during the POST process and displays the current stage (Boot, CPU, DRAM and VGA). If there is a problem during this process, the corresponding LED stays lit. Below is the full list of headers and buttons, from left to right:
Front-panel audio
RGB and ARGB headers
TPM header
(2) USB 2.0 headers
2-pin Temperature header
Q-Flash button
(3) System fan headers
Clear CMOS jumper
Front panel header
(Image credit: Gigabyte)
The rear IO area is dominated by a menagerie of USB ports. From USB 2.0 to USB 3.2 Gen 2×2 Type-C, you’ll find it here on one of the 13 ports. The IO plate itself comes preinstalled, and its black background and Aorus branding match the rest of the board. There’s a total of four USB 3.2 Gen 2 ports, four USB 3.2 Gen 1 ports, four USB 2.0 ports and finally, The 3.2 Gen 2×2 Type-C port. If you run out of USB ports on this board, you may want to reevaluate your life/peripheral choices–or you could just plug into one of the two previously mentioned USB-C front-panel headers. Video output (when using the integrated graphics on the CPU) comes from a single DisplayPort Port. In addition to the 2.5 GbE port are Wi-Fi antenna connections, and finally, the 5-plug plus SPDIF audio stack.
AMD launched its RDNA2-based Radeon RX 6000-graphics cards in early November, so it’s about time for the company to use the latest Big Navi GPU for its Radeon Pro graphics cards aimed at CAD/CAM and DCC professionals. Indeed, the first benchmark score of AMD’s yet-to-be-announced Radeon Pro W6800 with 32GB of memory got published recently.
The AMD Radeon Pro W6800 32GB (1002 73A3, 1002 0E1E) scored an ‘outstanding’ result in UserBenchmark, hitting 146% of the average effective GPU speed. When compared to other graphics cards, 146% is between Nvidia’s GeForce RTX 2080 Super (138%) and GeForce RTX 3070 (152%). Meanwhile, AMD’s Radeon RX 6800 XT scores between 152% and 171%.
It’s hard to make guesses about specifications for AMD’s upcoming Radeon Pro W6800 32GB graphics card based on one benchmark score, so we’ll refrain from doing so. Meanwhile, it looks like the Radeon Pro W6800 32GB will offer compute performance comparable to that of the Radeon RX 6800 XT. Still, since it will have more memory onboard, it will certainly provide higher performance in high resolutions when compared to the gaming adapter.
(Image credit: UserBenchmark)
Professional graphics cards tend to adopt the latest architectures a bit later than consumer boards as developers need to certify their drivers with developers of professional applications, something that takes time. The leak of a Radeon Pro W6800 benchmark result indicates that AMD is getting closer to release its RDNA2-based cards for CAD, CAM, and DCC users.
Since the UserBenchmark is a general benchmark designed for casual users, it does not really put heavy loads on GPUs, so an ‘outstanding’ result for the Radeon Pro W6800 32GB is not surprising. Unfortunately, UserBenchmark gives absolutely no idea about performance of the graphics card in professional applications.
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